The list covers any survey run through Rep Data’s Research Defender platform, with the maintenance of the no-fly list based on data from three billion survey scans carried out in the last 12 months across nearly 200 sample sources.

A Rep Data study of 1,928 respondents from a variety of prevalent sample sources found that when low-quality respondents were not blocked, 31% of responses were fraudulent and 26% were classified as “good-looking fraud”, meaning they could potentially evade either human-supervised or AI-focused data cleaning.

Vignesh Krishnan, chief technology officer at Rep Data, said: “Even if a respondent is taking your survey through a first-party source, you might not know that it’s the 267th survey of their day, because it’s a bad actor equipped to game the system to reap incentives at high volumes.

“The industry is messy, and the no-fly list addition to Rep Data’s Research Defender fraud prevention suite helps researchers clean it all up for their projects.”