The concept of ‘choice architecture’ was given considerable traction by the 2008 bestselling book Nudge by Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler.

Thaler and Sunstein, who first coined the term, explain how our decisions can be shaped by the context in which choices are presented to us, where subtle differences in the design of the decision-making context, or in the environment around us, can have a significant impact on the decisions we make.

This means we can shape people’s decisions by designing the environment in which we make choices in certain ways using tools like setting defaults and framing. For example, researchers have found:

• Placing healthier food and drink on easy to reach shelves in a canteen can lead to higher sales. A 2010 study rethought the choice architecture in the cafeteria at Massachusetts General Hospital. Researchers put bottled water, fruit and lower fat crisps at eye level, where they were both easier to see and to reach. Analysing the one million cash register receipts revealed increases in the purchase of healthy products and decreases in the purchase of unhealthy products.
  
• Similarly, putting drinks on end-of-aisle displays in stores increased sales of both alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. For alcohol, this sales increase was similar to 4–9% decrease in price.[ 1 ]
• Product size can also affect purchase and consumption. A recent systematic review of data from 61 randomised controlled trials (covering 6,711 participants) found that people consistently consume more food and drink when offered larger-sized portions, packages or tableware than when offered smaller-sized versions.[ 2 ]

Yet choice architecture is a very broad concept for which greater definition and clarity could ensure it is applied effectively and consistently.

Gareth Hollands[ 3 ] and his colleagues at the Behaviour and Health Research Unit at the University of Cambridge took on this challenge and have recently developed a new, more detailed definition of choice architecture, identifying two classes:

• Properties of the environment – altering the properties of objects or stimuli within the immediate context or micro-environment e.g. their design, size or presentation
  
• Placements within the environment – altering the placement of objects or stimuli e.g. making them more or less easy to engage with in the environment

Their refined definition of choice architecture incorporates these two classes:

“Choice architecture: Interventions that involve altering the properties or placement of objects or stimuli within micro-environments with the intention of changing health-related behaviour. Such interventions are implemented within the same micro-environment as that in which the target behaviour is performed, typically require minimal conscious engagement, can in principle influence the behaviour of many people simultaneously, and are not targeted or tailored to specific individuals.” 

Using this definition the researchers have developed a more concrete framework (see below) identifying nine tools through which we can shape the decision-making context. Concepts from behavioural science can then be slotted into this framework. For example, framing or authority bias could fit into labelling. Salience plays a role in presentation and ambience.

This is a very accessible framework and means that anyone can work through and think how they might redesign an environment to better shape decision-making and behaviour just thinking about properties and placement.

Crawford Hollingworth is director at The Behavioural Architects

Reference:

[ 1 ] Nakamura, Pechey, Suhrcke, Jebb & Marteau, ‘Sales impact of displaying alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in end-of-aisle locations: An observational study.’ Soc Sci Medicine, May 2014

[ 2 ] Hollands GJ, Shemilt I, Marteau TM, Jebb SA, Lewis HB, Wei Y, Higgins JPT, Ogilvie D. Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9

[ 3 ] Gareth J Hollands, Ian Shemilt, Theresa M Marteau, Susan A Jebb, Michael P Kelly, Ryota Nakamura, Marc Suhrcke and David Ogilvie “Altering micro-environments to change population health behaviour: towards an evidence base for choice architecture interventions” BMC Public Health 2013, 13:1218